Brianna Abbott and Dominique Mosbergen

Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, has been a subject of concern for both public health officials and the general public. The H5N1 strain, in particular, has garnered attention due to its widespread impact on poultry and its potential implications for human health. As of early 2025, the situation has evolved, prompting questions about the level of concern individuals should have regarding this virus.

Current Status of H5N1 Bird Flu

The H5N1 avian influenza virus has been circulating globally for decades, primarily affecting bird populations. In recent years, the virus has caused significant outbreaks among poultry, leading to the culling of millions of birds to control its spread. In the United States, the virus has been detected in various states, affecting both commercial and backyard flocks. Notably, a new strain of H5N1 was recently detected among dairy cows in Nevada, indicating that the outbreak could be more challenging to contain than previously thought. A dairy worker exposed to these infected cows also tested positive for the strain, highlighting the virus’s ability to cross species barriers. 

Risk to the General Public

Despite these developments, health officials maintain that the risk to the general public remains low. There is currently no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission of the H5N1 virus. Most human cases have been linked to direct contact with infected birds or contaminated environments. However, the detection of the virus in mammals, including dairy cows, has raised concerns about its potential to adapt and spread more easily among humans. 

Symptoms in Humans

In humans, H5N1 infection can present with a range of symptoms. Common manifestations include fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches. Some individuals may experience eye infections (conjunctivitis), pneumonia, or severe respiratory diseases. It’s important to note that while many cases have been mild, H5N1 has a high mortality rate among reported human infections globally. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. 

Impact on Food Supply and Prices

The widespread culling of infected poultry has had a notable impact on the food supply chain, particularly concerning egg availability. Consumers have observed significant increases in egg prices, with some restaurants implementing surcharges to offset costs. For instance, Waffle House added a temporary 50-cent egg surcharge due to rising expenses. These economic effects underscore the broader implications of avian influenza outbreaks beyond immediate health concerns. 

Preventative Measures

To mitigate the risk of H5N1 infection, individuals are advised to take several precautions:

• Avoid Contact with Wild Birds and Sick Animals: Refrain from touching wild birds, especially those that appear ill or are found dead. If contact is necessary, use protective equipment and practice thorough hand hygiene afterward.
• Properly Cook Poultry Products: Ensure that all poultry and eggs are cooked to an internal temperature of at least 165°F (74°C) to kill any potential viruses.
• Avoid Raw Milk and Unpasteurized Dairy Products: Consumption of raw milk has been linked to H5N1 infections in domestic cats, emphasizing the importance of consuming only pasteurized dairy products. 
• Practice Good Hygiene: Regular handwashing with soap and water, especially after handling birds or visiting environments where birds are present, can reduce the risk of transmission.

Vaccination and Treatment

Currently, there is no widely available vaccine for H5N1 avian influenza for the general public. However, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has provided $590 million in funding to Moderna to expedite the development of a bird flu vaccine. This initiative aims to enhance preparedness in case the virus poses a greater threat to human health in the future. 

For those who may become infected, antiviral medications such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) can be effective, especially when administered early in the course of the illness. It’s essential for individuals experiencing symptoms after potential exposure to seek medical attention promptly.

Monitoring and Surveillance

Health agencies, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO), are actively monitoring the H5N1 situation. The USDA has initiated national testing for bird flu in cow’s milk to detect the virus’s presence and prevent its spread through dairy products. 

Public health officials emphasize the importance of vigilance and preparedness. While the current risk to the general public is low, the situation is dynamic, and the virus’s behavior can change. Staying informed through reputable sources and adhering to recommended precautions are key steps in protecting both individual and public health.

In summary, while the H5N1 bird flu presents certain risks, especially to those in direct contact with infected animals, the general public’s risk remains low at this time. By staying informed and following recommended preventive measures, individuals can minimize their risk of infection. Ongoing surveillance and research are crucial to detect any changes in the virus’s behavior promptly. Public health agencies continue to monitor the situation closely and will provide updates as new information becomes available.